Ellen H. Swallow Richards
A pioneer in water sanitation and the first women to be admitted into MIT, Richards is one of the founders of home economics and spearheaded one of the first school lunch programs in the U.S.
The most prominent female American chemist of the 19th century, Ellen Henrietta Swallow Richards (1842–1911) was a pioneer in sanitary engineering and a founder of home economics in the United States. She was the first woman to be admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Born to an old but relatively poor New England family, Ellen Swallow spent several years teaching school, tutoring, and cleaning houses in order to earn enough money to attend one of the new women’s colleges. By the time she reached her mid-20s, and with the $300 she had saved, she entered Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1868 as a special student and graduated two years later.
Affinity for Science and Acceptance to MIT
At Vassar she was attracted to astronomy and chemistry. Upon graduation she applied for positions with various industrial chemists but was turned down in all cases. At the suggestion of one of these chemists, however, she applied and was accepted as a special student at MIT, making her the first woman in America to be accepted by a scientific school.
Three years later she received a second bachelor’s degree—a BS from MIT—as well as a master’s degree from Vassar, to which she had submitted a thesis on the chemical analysis of an iron ore. She then continued at MIT with hopes of earning a doctorate, but MIT was not to award its first doctorate to a woman until 1886.
Title page, table of contents, and publisher’s note from The Life of Ellen H. Richards, a biography written by Caroline Hunt and published by Whitcomb & Barrows, 1912.
LEARN MORE
Why do you think the publisher of Richards’ biography included this note? Do you think the existence of a professional relationship between Richards and the publishers may have influenced the biography? If so, in what possible ways?
Furthering Women’s Education
In 1875 she married Robert Hallowell Richards, chairman of MIT’s mining engineering department. Supported in her ambitions by her husband, Richards volunteered her services as well as $1,000 annually to further women’s scientific education at MIT. Through her efforts, the Women’s Laboratory was established in 1876, and in 1879 she was recognized as an assistant instructor, without pay, for teaching the curriculum in chemical analysis, industrial chemistry, mineralogy, and applied biology. The laboratory was closed in 1883 after MIT began awarding undergraduate degrees to women on a regular basis and there was no more need for a special track.
Water-Quality Studies
Coincidentally, in the same year MIT opened the nation’s first laboratory of sanitary chemistry (1884), she was appointed as an instructor. In 1887, at the request of the Massachusetts State Board of Health, Richards and her assistants performed a survey of the quality of the inland bodies of water of Massachusetts, many of which were already polluted with industrial waste and municipal sewage. The scale of the survey was unprecedented: it led to the first state water-quality standards in the nation and the first modern municipal sewage treatment plant, in Lowell, Massachusetts.
From 1887 to 1897, Richards served as official water analyst for the State Board of Health while continuing as an instructor at MIT—the rank she held at her death. She and her colleague A. G. Woodman wrote a classic text in the field of sanitary engineering: Air, Water, and Food from a Sanitary Standpoint (1900).
Home Economics
From her days at the Women’s Laboratory, Richards was very concerned about applying scientific principles to topics in the home—nutrition, food safety, proper clothing, physical fitness, sanitation, and efficient practices that she believed would allow women more time for interests beyond their domestic responsibilities.
In 1882 she published The Chemistry of Cooking and Cleaning: A Manual for Housekeepers. Eight years later, she set up the New England Kitchen, a laboratory that was open to the public. The Kitchen demonstrated cutting-edge principles of nutrition science in the preparation of meals for Boston’s immigrant workers. Meals were distributed with cards that listed their nutritional content because Richards wanted consumers to eventually learn how to prepare their own meals on a scientific foundation.
This effort was part of a broader program of euthenics, which she defined as “the science of better living.” In contrast to eugenics, which tried to “improve” human populations through selective breeding, euthenics sought “improvement” through better living conditions and education.
But the New England Kitchen did not seem to influence the diets and cooking of these immigrant workers, so Richards turned to younger eaters instead. In 1894 she started working with the Boston public school system to provide lunches for students in poor schools. This was one of the first school lunch programs in the United States. Within a year, the Kitchen was serving 5,000 students every day.
Richards also established conferences and programs of study for the new discipline of home economics. Growing out of several summer conferences held at Lake Placid, New York, the American Home Economics Association was formed in 1908 with Richards as its first president.
Further Reading
Christopher Stanwood, “From the Othmer Library: A Pioneering Chemist and Reformer” (Chemical Heritage magazine, Volume 22 Number 4, Winter 2004/2005).
Catherine Price, “Probing the Mysteries of Human Digestion” (Distillations magazine, Volume 4 Number 2, 2008).
Featured image: Ellen Swallow Richards in academic regalia, from The Life of Ellen H. Richards, 1912.
